UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!MARRIAGE-CHILDREN: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants
of Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.------------------
Prodigy post dated 9/13/94 from Roy Duckett (VDJJ79A), Enc #P-151: CD 229 TN
MARRIAGES, MAURY TN MARRIAGES FROM 1807 TO 1850
M252 MCNIGHT, William
P252 PICKINS, Rachel 16/03/1809PICKENS FAMILES OF THE SOUTH, by E. M. Sharp (1963):
p. 52. "The SHANNONs and MCKNIGHTs are a numerous family that settled in
Davidson and Williamson Counties as early as 1790. The two families were
intermarried in various ways. Many descendants went out from this part of
Tennessee to Kentucky, to western Tennessee, to Arkansas, and to Mississippi. It
will be noted that four of Andrew PICKENS' oldest children... married into the
SHANNON-MCKNIGHT families..."
UPDATE: 2000-02-17
!DEATH-SPOUSE-CHILD: Connie Moss to Terry McLean; ; email dated 17 Feb 2000; ; ;
SOURCE: probate of Rachel's estate and other records.UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!MARRIAGE-CHILDREN: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants
of Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.UPDATE: 1998-02-18
!PARENTS: E. M. Sharp, PICKENS FAMILIES OF THE SOUTH; ; author, Memphis TN,
1963; p. 77; copy in possession of Terry McLean, Anaheim CA.-------- TIME LINE:
1825 - father makes will in TN mentioning unnamed 'daughters.'
1837 - mother makes deed in Tippah Co., MS mentioning unnamed 'daughters'.--------------------------------------------------------------------
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
DIRECT LINE OF:
UPDATE: 1999-09-06
!PARENTS-BIRTH: Bill Hass to Terry McLean; ; email message with descendants of
Jonathan and Lydia (HARRISON) PICKENS; ; ; FILE: Enc #P-432.
From Peggy Koenig.
From Peggy Koenig.
From Peggy Koenig.
From Peggy Koenig.
From Peggy Koenig.
UPDATE: 1999-07-22
!BIRTH-MARRIAGE: Karen Spencer; ; post on GenForum, Jul 1999; ; ;----------------------------------------------------------------- TIME LINE:
---------
1850 - moved to Jackson Co., AR-----------------------------------------------------------------
Posted on GenForum by karen spencer on September 02, 1998:
"seeking parents of william c. baldwin, born 29 dec.1817 in ala/or tn. he
died about 1879 in white county, ark. he married margaret
caroline pickins, 6 feb.1842 in fayette county, tenn. margaret was born 28 oct.
1824 in miss. she died between 1870 and 1879."Posted on GenForum by karen a. Spencer on April 30, 1999:
"Still seeking parents of William C. Baldwin, born 29 Dec. 1817 in either
Ala or TN. He died in White County, Ark about 1877/78. He was listed in the
Fayette County, TN Census in 1850. He married Margaret C. Pickins, Feb. 6,
1842 in Fayette County, TN. She was born 28 Oct. 1824 in Miss. If you have any
information, please e-mail me at:kspen1230@att.net Thanks, Karen
UPDATE: 1999-07-22
!PARENTS-BIRTH-MARRIAGE-DEATH: Karen Spencer; ; post on GenForum, Jul 1999; ; ;---------------------------------------------------------------- TIME LINE:
---------
1850 - moved to Jackson Co., AR-----------------------------------------------------------------
Posted on GenFourum by karen spencer on September 02, 1998:
"...william c. baldwin... married margaret caroline pickins, 6 feb.1842 in
fayette county, tenn. margaret was born 28 oct.1824 in miss. she died between
1870 and 1879..."Posted on GenForum by karen a. Spencer on April 30, 1999:
"...William C. Baldwin ... married Margaret C. Pickins, Feb. 6, 1842 in
Fayette County, TN. She was born 28 Oct. 1824 in Miss...
UPDATE: 1996-02-09
UPDATE: 1994-05-14
============================================================================
ANASEARCHIN
- Vol 19, p. 179. Bethlehem Methodist Church Cemetery, near Moscow, Fayette
Co., TN - canvassed by Anna Thompson:
Robert B. PICKENS, Sept 19, 1794 - Nov 13, 1875
John G. PICKENS (Masonic Emblem) Aug 14, 1815 - Nov 30, 1856
Ann PICKENS, Consort of J. G. PICKENS, May 27, 1818 - Dec 8, 1852
Camilla M. daughter of J. M. and E. M. PICKENS, Feb 20, 1850 - Jan 26,
1857 age 6 ys. 11 ms. 6 ds.
Mary S. daughter of J. M. and J. PICKENS, died Sep 3, 1863, aged 6 years,
10 mos 11 da"
- Vol. 27.1, p. 29. Fayette Co TN court min:
Among persons named to build a bridge...near Martin's Bridge, across Wolf
River...J. G. PICKENS...Robert B. PICKENS.
UPDATE: 1994-05-14
===============================================================================
ANASEARCHIN
- Vol 19, p. 179. Bethlehem Methodist Church Cemetery, near Moscow, Fayette
Co., TN:
Robert B. PICKENS, Sept 19, 1794 - Nov 13, 1875
John G. PICKENS (Masonic Emblem) Aug 14, 1815 - Nov 30, 1856
Ann PICKENS, Consort of J. G. PICKENS, May 27, 1818 - Dec 8, 1852
Camilla M. daughter of J. M. and E. M. PICKENS, Feb 20, 1850 - Jan 26, 1857
age 6 ys. 11 ms. 6 ds.
Mary S. daughter of J. M. and J. PICKENS, died Sep 3, 1863, aged 6 years,
10 mos 11 da"
- Vol. 27.1, p. 29. Fayette Co TN court min:
Among persons named to build a bridge...near Martin's Bridge, across Wolf
River...J. G. PICKENS...Robert B. PICKENS.
UPDATE: 1998-07-21
!PARENTS: E. M. Sharp, PICKENS FAMILIES OF THE SOUTH; ; author, Memphis TN,
1963; p. 56; copy in possession of Terry McLean, Anaheim CA.
UPDATE: 1998-02-28
=============================================================================
TIME LINE:
---------
1784 - land grant in Jefferson Co KY, unknown if he lived there
1800 - on tax list Harrison Co KY
===========================================================================PICKENS FAMILIES OF THE SOUTH, by E. M. Sharp:
p. 115. We believe [Aaron PICKENS] may be a son of William PICKENS and Mrs.
Ann SCOTT and named for his grandfather Aaron OLIVER, who in his will named
his daughter, Ann PICKENS. Aaron PICKENS received a grant fof 400 acres of
land on January 17, 1784 in Jefferson County, Kentucky located on Simpson's
Creek. Note that this is a year before Samuel PICKENS received his grant in
Jefferson County. Aaron PICKENS was Ensign in the 13th Kentucky Regiment of
Militia, august 1, 1792. He is on the tax list of Harrison County Kentucky in
1800. There was also a James PICKENS on the same tax roll in 1800 in Harrison
county who appears to be a son of Aaron PICKENS. James later moved to Indiana..
.
... If James ... was born in 1778 [as stated by his son], Aaron was born at
least by 1758...."
DIRECT LINE OF: Jeanette Reynolds; Don Fink; Donna One Star;
UPDATE: 1998-02-28
!PARENTS-BIRTH-SPOUSE-CHILDREN: Don Fink to Terry McLean, Feb 1998; ; GEDCOM
file; ; ; ; SOURCE: Dale Fink.----------- TIME LINE:
1783 - land grant Washington Co NC (later TN)
----------------------------------------
E. M. Sharp, PICKENS FAMILIES OF THE SOUTH.
p. 117-121. "James PICKENS, probably a son of William and Ann SCOTT PICKENS,
b. c. 1760 in Virginia - d. August 14, 1825 in Sullivan Co., Tenn. m. Mary
____?, who died March 18, 1827 in Sullivan Co., Tenn. They were married about
1780-82 and came to Tennessee to live. Tradition in the family indicates they
lived in Washington Co., Virginia, and that James PICKENS was the son of a
William PICKENS who was born in Ireland.
James PICKENS received three land grants from North Carolina located in what
is now East Tennessee, Washington County. They were:
1783 - 42 acres on Big Limestone Creek, joing Chedd MORRIS' survey.
1783 - 275 acres on Lick Creek, joining his own survey.
1783 - 100 acres on Lick Creek. All in Washington Co., NC.
In addition to these grants, James PICKENS purchased other land:
- Green Co., NC (Now Greene Co., TN). Book I. p. 33.
1784, 14 Apr - Adam WILSON of Washington County, sold 200 acres to James
PICKENS, 'now of Green County, both of the State of North Carolina'. Land
described as being on waters of Lick Creek and known as 'Faines
Improvement' on north side of Knobs, against the head of Kennedy's Creek'.
- Green Co., NC Book II., p. 18.
John RICHEY sold 198 acres to James PICKENS on Lick Creek known as being
in Green County, the State of North Carolina on the fork of Lick Creek
known as 'Hans Improvement' and bounding on land of Adam WILSON.
TENNESSEE LAND GRANTS:
1794, 15 Dec - to James PICKENS, 100 acres in Sullivan Co., Kendricks Creek.
1795, 2 Dec - to James PICKENS, 200 acres in Green County, on Lick Creek.
1795, 9 Dec - to James PICKENS, 200 acres in Green County, on Lick Creek.
The above grants and deeds show that James PICKENS lived where the three
counties of Washington, Green, and Sullivan join, owned land in all three
counties, but most of it in Green and Sullivan. This land was parceled out to
his sons in time, and some of it is still in hands of descendants.
Known children of James and Mary PICKENS... William...James...David...Robert
... vague traditions hint at others names Israel, George, and Margaret. There
have been no discoveries of any kind to indicate such to be true, though they
may have died as children. The following data has been collected from census
records and descendants.... [follows a list of the 4 above named children and
their descendants - up through p. 121].From Don Fink:
From Dale Fink, Jan 1997. "I have no form proof that Sarah PICKENS is a
daughter of James PICKENS, however everything indicates this to be true. There
may have also been three other children not listed because of insufficient ties
to James. These are: Israel, George, and Margaret as recorded in the book
PICKENS FAMILIES OF THE SOUTH, by E. M. Sharp.
In order for the "Pickens Theory" to work for the family of James PICKENS they
would have had to have lost their first born (male)child. The theory is that
they named the first born after the mothers parents, the second born after the
fathers parents and the third born after it's parents. Since we don't know the
given name of Mary's father we cannot guess at the name of the first born male.
But note: the second born "William" is named after his grandfather and the third
born is true to the theory being named after his father "James".
Records show that James PICKENS received three land grants from North Carolina
in what is now East Tennessee, Washington County. They were:
1783 - 42 acres on Big Limestone Creek, joining Chedd Morris survey.
1783 - 275 acres on Lick Creek, joining his own survey.
1783 - 100 acres on Lick Creek.
All in Washington Co., N. C. (now Tenn.) We have other records where he
purchased 200 acres of land on Lick Creek and another 198 acres of land on Lick
Creek in Green County,.
-----------------
Tennessee Land Grants:
- December 15, 1794 - To James PICKENS, 100 acres in Sullivan County, Kendricks
Creek
- December 2, 1795 - To James PICKENS, 200 acres in Green County, on Lick
Creek.
- December 9, 1795 - To James PICKENS, 200 acres in Green County on Lick Creek.
James Pickens now lived where the three counties of Washington, Green, and
Sullivan County join. Owned large amounts of land in each county. But most of it
in Green and Sullivan. This land was parceled out to his sons in time, and some
of it is still in hands of decendants.
James, as most of the PICKENS we have studied, owned huge amounts of land.
At this time we counted 1,315 acres of land which he owned, in the three
counties of east Tennessee.
James died August 14, 1825. While I do not have a copy of his "will", my guess
is that the large amount of land he owned was divided among his children.
After he died we find his children each with no less than 100 acres of land,
and I have seen no Deeds showing where they bought the land.
--------------------
The following is taken from page 48 of THE FAMILIES AND HISTORY OF SULLIVAN
COUNTY TENNESSEE, Volume One 1779-1992:
1837 Tax Records:
John Michael FINK, the spouse of James's daughter "Sarah PICKENS" is listed with
100 acres in districk 14, Kendricks Creek and Fordtown area.
- James PICKENS 144 acres.
- David PICKENS 141 acres.
- William PICKENS 100 acres.
Robert, his other son, may have shared in the land also. My guess is that he
did. He died about this time (before 1850). He was living during the 1840
Census, but when the 1850 Census was taken, the children were there but Robert
had passed away. This might account for 485 acres of the land that he had once
owned. What happened to the other 800 + acres is not known. -------------------
TRADITIONS: Mr. Clancey PICKENS writes: James PICKENS that possessed land on
Kendricks Creek built a big log house on the same place and one is now standing
near a spring. Also he built a school house and they taught bible on Sunday. An
old cemetery near Bethesda Presbyterian Church seems to be the PICKENS buring
ground. Many old field stones there.
Tombstones have been destroyed by cattle allowed to graze in the cemetery."
(written prior to Clancey's death in 1963. )
------------------------------------------------------
DIRECT LINE OF: Jeanette Reynolds; Don Fink; Donna One Star;
===========================================================================
E. M. Sharp, PICKENS FAMILIES OF THE SOUTH.
p. 118-121. "James PICKENS, probably a son of William and Ann SCOTT PICKENS,
b. c. 1760 in Virginia - d. August 14, 1825 in Sullivan Co., Tenn. m. Mary
____?, who died March 18, 1827 in Sullivan Co., Tenn. They were married about
1780-82 and came to Tennessee to live...
Known children of James and Mary PICKENS... William...James...David...Robert
... vague traditions hint at others names Israel, George, and Margaret. There
have been no discoveries of any kind to indicate such to be true, though they
may have died as children. The following data has been collected from census
records and descendants.... [follows a list of the 4 above named children and
their descendants - up through p. 121].
UPDATE: 1998-02-28
UPDATE: 1998-02-28
!PARENTS: Don Fink to Terry McLean, Feb 1998; ; GEDCOM file; ; ; ;
DIRECT LINE OF: Joseph Fleming.
UPDATE: 1998-05-12
!BIRTH-DEATH-BURIAL-MARRIAGE-CHILDREN: Bob Thompson to Terry McLean; ; gedcom
file, May 1998; ; ;
BURIAL: Morris/McCain Cem near Franklinton, LAUPDATE: 1996-10-04
!MARRIAGE: Lois K. Nix and Mary Kay Snell, THOMAS BOONE PICKENS - HIS
ANCESTORS; ; Wolfe City Texas, Hemington Publishing Company, 1989; p. 53; copy
in possession of Terry McLean, Anaheim CA. Author gives approx. date and
location.==========================================================================
From Bob Thompson:
Letter to Alice Nobel Waring from P. M. Robinett, Mountain Grove, Missouri,
dated 23 June 1963 (copy sent to CCT by Alice Waring in file): "My brother
Frank, now deceased, was an avid student of the Pickens and Simmons lines in
our family. Ann Miller, daughter of Rev. Robert Miller and Jane (Pickens)
Miller married Robert Simmons. Shortly after the close of the Revolutionary
War they moved to near what is now Franklinton, La., and their son John
Simmons served with La. troops in the Battle of New Orleans. ... In the South
Carolina Archives I found a receipt for forage signed by Coronet Robert
Simmons and verified by Col. Robert Anderson. As you know Anderson was one of
the principal subordinates of General Andrew Pickens. ..."
From Raulston-Russell Genealogy:
"Robert Simmons settled two headrights in Washington Parish. The one on which
he lived is about one and a half miles south of the Washington Parish Court
House in Franklinton along the east side of the Bogue Chitto River. The other
was on the east side of the first along Lawrence Creek. The Morris Cemetery
must have been started by the Robert Simmons family. The earliest granite or
marble markers date back to the 1850's.
Another source says that Robert & Anne Simmons are buried in the McCain
Cemetery on the banks of the Lawrence Creek, near Franklinton, La. and that a
descendant, J. Leonard Raulston, who has always been thoughtful of his
ancestors, placed markers at their graves.
This author's [Gonce] cousin, Kathyrn Russell Martin, visited the Morris
cemetery 21 May 1985 and found what appeared to be the oldest tombstones in
the cemetery. They were engraved with the names of Ann Miller Simmons
1762-1843 and Robert Simmons 1754-1850 (Lt. in Anderson's Reg. SC Militia).
She said that there were many McCains buried there, so this could possibly be
called the McCain Cemetery, also.
McBee lists Robert Simmons as building improvements on 155 acres on Coles
Creek in Jefferson County in 1802. In January 1805, Robert Simmons sells 155
acres on Coles Creek in Jefferson County to William Kennedy. Deed is witnessed
by Felix Hughes.
From Raulston-Russell Genealogy:
According to the 1810 census records of Amite County, Robert had 2 slaves and
he owned tracts of land on the Bogue Chitto River in the Mississippi Territory.
Robert Simmons...served in the Dragoons under Col. Wade Hampton in S.C. [in
Revolutionary War].
Simmons was too old to be in the Battle of New Orleans, but three of his
sons were. Robert Miller Simmons, William and John Simmons were all in the
Second Division of the Louisiana Militia which was commanded by Major General
Philimon Thomas. Robert Simmons' sons in law, Major Nathaniel Thomas Wells of
Mississippi Territorial Militia, and Colonel James Raulston of the Third
Tennessee Militia with General William Carroll's Division were also there.
The 1820 Census, p. 188 for Washington Parish, La. lists Ann Miller Simmons
58, Robert Simmons, Rebecca about 20, Eleanor C. 12, Ann, Robert M. Simmons
31, and William Winter Simmons.
Note: Heirs of Robert Simmons entered into an agreement with Robert M.
Simmons dated January 13, 1844, whereby Robert M. Simmons relinquished all
right, title and interest in the personal property of the estate to the other
heirs who signed the agreement, and the other heirs relinquished their right
in the tract of land "whereon the deceased died bounded on the west by the
Bogue Chitto, north by Jesse Day, East by R. M. Simmons, South by J. M.
Simmons," provided R. M. Simmons was to be responsible to the absent heirs
(Elizabeth Wills [Wells], Jane Rautsen [Raulston], John Simmons, Anna Williams.
signed by W. W. Simmons, Rebeca Dias, Eleanor C. Day, William Day, James R.
Williams, Robert M. Simmons. Legal Records of Washington Parish, Vol. I, p.
26, comp. by E. Russ Williams.
See Eula Albright letter to CCT 2/11/1980: "My great great grandmother was
Anne Raulston who married Brice Byrne. She was the daughter of James Raulston
and Jane Simmons. Jane was the daughter of Lt. Robert Simmons and Anne
Miller, daughter of Robert Miller and Jane Miller....I would like a complete
list of the children of Robert Miller and complete list of children of Lt.
Robert Simmons and Anne Miller."
Eula Albright letter to CCT 2/26/1980: "Just recently I sent in a
suupplemental on Robert Simmons. There is one weak link but I think it will
probably be o.k..... You inquired about the book I mentioned "The Raulstons"
by J. Leonard Raulston. I bought the one he published in 1970, and at that
time his address was J. Leonard Raulston, 405 Holly Ave., South Pittsburg TN
37380....The book is only about Raulstons. It only mentions that Jane Simmons
is the daughter of Robert Simmons and doesn't name her mother...That is the
weak spot. But Mr. Sharpe has been most helpful and by his book I sent proof
that Robert Simmons married Anne Miller. So I hope it will stand up."
Letter to CCT from Brig. Gen. P. M. Robinette, U.S.A.--Ret,(Mountain Grove,
Missouri), dated 23 April 1966: "Now to answer your queries.- (1) The most
complete published material on my Simmons connections may by founds in a book,
The Book of Jared, by Mrs. Eleanor M. Hall, Salt Lake, Utah. My GGGF, John
Simmons, married Naomi Jared to make the connection to this family. The book
includes many errors but nevertheless represents a vast amount of work and
constitutes a good reference. (2) Mrs. Kate Pickens Day's book, The Pickens
Family, is a monumental work but includes some bad errors. For example she
writes that Annie Miller daughter of Rev. Robert and Jane Pickens Miller
married Robert Simmons. No further record. Then on pp. 117 , etc, she
attributes their children to another man of the big family....
I cannot give you any information on who Ann's sister--Jane--or her brother
Andrew -married....
John Simmons, son of Robert Simmons, and his wife Naomi (Jared )Simmons are
buried here in the Old Cemetery. He was living with his father in Louisiana
during the War of 1812 and enlisted in the 13th La. Militia. After the Battle
of New Orleans he returned to Tennessee with his brother in law, Colonel James
Raulston, commander of the 3d Tennessee Regiment of Militia, married and came
west..."
Gonce, Raulston and Russell Genealogy states birthdate of 1754 for Robert
Simmons (note impossibility if Annie Pickens birthdate is correct and she is
his mother). Gonce in cites Alice Noble Waring "Pickens Genealogy", Eula
Albright DAR papers, and Mrs. Willie J. Morris DAR papers. I have used the
more logical birthdate of 1763-1768 provided by Dorothy Thurman.
DIRECT LINE OF: Joseph Fleming.
UPDATE: 1998-05-12
!PARENTS-BIRTH-DEATH-BURIAL-MARRIAGE-CHILDREN: Bob Thompson to Terry McLean; ;
gedcom file, May 1998; ; ;
BIRTH: Waxhaws, NC/SC
BURIAL: Morris Cem.
CONFLICT: gives year of death as 1843.UPDATE: 1996-10-04
!BIRTH-PARENTS-MARRIAGE-DEATH: Lois K. Nix and Mary Kay Snell, THOMAS BOONE
PICKENS - HIS ANCESTORS; ; Wolfe City Texas, Hemington Publishing Company,
1989; p. 53; copy in possession of Terry McLean, Anaheim CA.
Author gives date & place of death as 1843, Franklinton, Washington Co, LA.
Author gives approx. date and location for marriage.============================================================================
From Bob Thompson:
Birth record from Rev. Robert Miller bible in possession of David Minyard
Ballard family, Edwards, Mississippi, in 1968.
In a 18 Jun 1843 letter, Zilpah McGinty (daughter of Margaret Miller and
Felix Hughes) states:
"I can not imagine what has become of Aunt Anna SIMMON's family. I have
written four times to William and Eleanor DAY in the last eighteen months, but
have not received a single line in reply. I think they certainly have left
that part of the country, or some of them would write. Nelly answered all of
my letters punctually for two years and at the end of that time ceased to
write altogether, and we have not heard a word from any of them since."
UPDATE: 1995-08-29
UPDATE: 1995-10-09
UPDATE: 1995-10-09
From Peggy Koenig.
From Peggy Koenig.